Learning outcomes:

The casting of high-quality steels at high casting speeds requires optimum primary and secondary cooling waters
The design of secondary cooling water spray systems must be undertaken using strand solidification models.
Accurate steel liquidus determination and therefore steel superheat is a prerequisite for safe casting, that is, reduced risk of breakouts, increased production of prime as-cast product, increased productivity.
Accurate determination of steel superheat enables the making of proactive decisions at the casting machine by the caster operators
Liquidus determination is by calculation or direct in situ measurement
Thermodynamic liquidus calculations give the most accurate results compared to simple linear regression equations
The most widely used internal quality grading system, that is, the Mannesmann system, whilst qualitative and subjective, if used correctly, is the best method
The use of various solidification formulas in conjunction with knowledge of segment positions in the machine, it is possible to calculate shell thicknesses, metallurgical lengths and exact location of inter columnar cracking